into unskilled, skilled and highly-skilled employees) for West German production industries for the year 1995. Substitution … substitution between blue collar and white collar workers are relatively low; unskilled, skilled and highly skilled blue collar …

substitution between fuelwood collected from open access forest resources, cow dung and fuelwood purchased from the market are … for substitution from fuelwood to other energy sources, particularly with the declining availability of forest stocks. All …

advertising companies, substitution tendencies cannot be generalized. In particular, we argue that newspaper advertising offers … substitution between newspaper and online advertising can be expected to take place on the advertising side in the foreseeable …

& Budzinski (2011) argued from a theoretical viewpoint that industry-specific patterns exist that determine substitution or … evidence for some of the hypotheses. Whereas some industries showed clear substitution effects between internet display and … newspaper advertising, the majority of our hypotheses could be only partly rejected: newspaper substitution effects could be …

and across equations. We find that there are significant substitution effects between intra- and extra-euro area imports … volatility and leads to substitution of trade away from higher-volatility regions towards lower-volatility regions. …

significant and probably strong substitution between these loans. Restrictive monetary policy leads to a decrease in domestic …