indicators, namely, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and Tobin’s Q, is assessed. The findings indicate that the … debt ratio exhibits a positive influence on ROA, ROE, and Tobin’s Q, with Tobin’s Q displaying the most pronounced impact … (0.450) and ROA showing the weakest impact (0.011). However, the long-term debt ratio does not significantly affect firm …

by Tobin's Q (TQ), return on equity (ROE) and return on assets (ROA). Research limitations/implications -This study … multiple methods for analyzing profitability as proxied by TQ, ROE and ROA, given the presence of multiple proxies to measure …