of diffuse ownership. Using data on 36 public credit unions in Ecuador, the empirical analysis finds evidence that credit … may stem from the level of formality in Ecuador’s financial system including its level of prudential regulation …

cross-nationally. Typically, researchers have relied upon the tenets of classical measurement theory (CT) using confirmatory …-national applicability? Our research seeks to address these issues and the cross-national measurement applicability of multi … demonstrate the usefulness of GT to cross-national multi-dimensional measurement. …

countries. The overriding objective of promoting the globalization of developing countries is to reduce poverty and income … latest wave of globalization has bucked the past trend of increasing poverty and income inequality in developing countries … structural malaise that traps them in a vicious circle of poverty. They advocate the radical reshaping of the international …

There is no consensus about how globalization –trade and foreign investments – affects poverty reduction. Using … household survey data, this study contributes to the empirical literature on globalization and poverty by analyzing the …, full vertical integration and complete exclusion of smallholder suppliers. We analyze and quantify income and poverty …