The identification of average causal effects of a treatment in observational studies is typically based either on the unconfoundedness assumption or on the availability of an instrument. When available, instruments may also be used to test for the unconfoundedness assumption (exogeneity of the...

The identification of average causal effects of a treatment in observational studies is typically based either on the unconfoundedness assumption or on the availability of an instrument. When available, instruments may also be used to test for the unconfoundedness assumption (exogeneity of the...

According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, in the next 40 years, tropical forests are among the biomes projected to lose habitat and species most rapidly. Yet these biomes provide numerous ecosystem services that confer local, regional and global economic benefits. One of these forests,...