Do politico-economic systems influence how control affects motivation? We hypothesize that control aversion, meaning … crowding-out of intrinsic motivation due to enforcement, has evolved less under the coercive regime of East Germany than under … in both parts of Germany. Surprisingly, intrinsic motivation in the absence of control is very similar among East and …

motivation, effort, and performance in math for low-achieving children, without hurting high-achieving children. Among low …-achievers, those receiving more points and moving up in the ranking improved strongest on motivation and math performance. In addition …, we document substantial gender differences in response to this type of RPF: improvements in motivation and learning are …

group should be selected. Since the selection process is not known in most cases of business support, we use a stratified … application is granted. This gives raise to two types of selection; self–selection (whether to apply) and administrative selection … (getting funding). In the final analysis we address the issue of selection. The results of our evaluation points some important …