We examine the impact of India's District Primary Education Program (DPEP) introduced in mid-1990s. We exploit the fact that the DPEP was targeted towards primary age children and was introduced in phases to different districts in India, and many of the districts never got the program to...

We assessed the impact of compulsory kindergarten education on early-teenage basic and functional literacy skills achievement using a large-scale natural experiment in the Philippines. In 2012, the Philippine government mandated compulsory kindergarten attendance for children aged five years or...