outcomes between physicians and another highly educated group, lawyers, and between surgeons and non-surgeon physicians … Education 2011 duty hour reform, which lowered trainee work hours, impacted the birth outcomes of babies born to physicians … compared with lawyers. We find that physicians have lower birth weights and shorter pregnancies than lawyers with the results …

expulsion of Jewish physicians from statutory health insurance as exogenous variation in regional physician supply. Increases in …This paper investigates the returns to health care provision during the mortality transition. We construct a new panel … data set covering German municipalities from 1928 to 1936. The endogeneity of health care supply is addressed by using the …