Using the highly detuned interaction between three-level Λ-type atoms and coherent optical fields, we can realize the C-NOT gates from atoms to atoms, optical fields to optical fields, atoms to optical fields and optical fields to atoms. Based on the realization of the C-NOT gates we propose an...

In this paper, we first propose a general entanglement distillation protocol for three-particle W class states, which can concentrate the W′ state (non-maximally entangled W state). The general protocol is mainly based on the unitary transformations on the auxiliary particles and the entangled...

Let [zeta]t, t[greater-or-equal, slanted]0, be a process taking nonnegative values, Tr=inf{t0;[zeta]tr}, r0, and [psi] a nondecreasing function. An interesting question is: Is it possible to bound E[psi](Tr) above and below by expectations of functions of [zeta]t? We answer this question and give...

Purpose Travel time at inter-stops is a set of important parameters in bus timetabling, which is usually assumed to be normal (log-normal) random variable in literature. With the development of digital technology and big data analytics ability in the bus industry, practitioners prefer to...