mandatory unbundling, (3) mandatory unbundling enables future facilities-based investment (stepping-stone or ladder of … investment hypothesis), and (4) competition in wholesale access markets is desirable. We proceed by testing empirically the major … mandatory unbundling experience with respect to retail pricing, investment, entry barriers, and wholesale competition. We review …

The paper aims at empirically investigating the relationship between regulation and the capital structure of the … as a response to previous physical capital investment with an ultimate goal of inducing higher rates. Theoretical models …) and gross investment (INV) in physical capital. The evidence accruing from a dynamic panel data estimation indicates an …