Despite substantial achievements in the recent past, the innovation climate in Russia is in need of major improvements. Comprehensive institutional and policy reforms are required, including in areas outside the remit of policy makers in technology and innovation. In this context, the Helsinki...

This book analyses the role of regional governments in the trade policy of the Russian Federation. It examines regional trade-related policies, such as subsidies, taxes and licensing, and their implications for Russia's international trade commitments, and in particular its negotiations for...

Rail transport accounts for 80% of all freight in Russia and its performance is critical to overall economic growth. Though the railways have been starved of investment they are now in the process of rapid reform, and maintaining momentum will be crucial

District heating has the potential to make a substantial contribution to a sustainable energy future in Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. It is a critical energy source for countries in transition, covering 60 percent of heating and hot water needs