convinced that their manager cares for them. Managers can signal their altruistic feelings towards their employees in two ways … altruistic managers may offer lower wages and nevertheless build up better social-exchange relationships with their employees … than egoistic managers do. In such equilibria, a low wage signals to employees that the manager has something else to offer …

The paper presents experimental evidence on the impact of managers and their incentives on the behavior of group … particular if the managers payoff does not depend on the members behavior. Different incentives schemes induce the managers to … lead the groups into different directions but incentivized managers are less capable of inducing very high or low contest …