"Ethnoecologists have provided extensive documentation of the knowledge held by many indigenous communities regarding places and the relationships among the beings of a place. Ethnobotanists have undertaken a similar task in locating plants within social, cultural and ecological systems....

"Commons institutions evolve all the time, responding to social and economic needs and environmental constraints. Historically, the main drivers have been local needs and constraints. But in recent decades, the use of local commons has been increasingly responding to national and global economic...

"Community-based institutions used to be driven by local needs, butin recent decades, some of them have been responding to national and global economic opportunities. These cases are of interest because they make it possible to investigate how local institutions can evolve in response to new...