adjustment in the Russian transition process has been the delayed receipt of wages. More than half the workforce is experiencing … firm not paying wages in full or on time if the outside labor market is sufficiently dynamic. …

unionized workforce. We develop a simple efficiency wage model, with a tradeoff between higher wages for workers and more … variety of data sets, we examine the implications of the model for the relationship between the employment and wages of … unionization in an industry and region and a higher union wage differential are associated with fewer managers. (2) Managers wages …