Most empirical investigations of the effects of cognitive skills assume that they are produced by schooling. Drawing on …

2011 will emphasize summative evaluation in Swedish schools, despite a strong discourse advocating formative assessment. …

This paper documents the state of elementary education in India and China since the 1960s, key lessons for India from …'s New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020). The divergent policy focus has led to differential trajectories for elementary … education in the two emerging economies, with China being decades ahead in improving literacy rates. China's adoption of the New …

attendance can provide an unbiased and near-complete surveillance of the pandemic. Thus, under certain conditions open schools …