This paper presents the first assessment report under the Staff-Monitored Program (SMP) for Kosovo. The policies under Kosovo’s SMP target decisive steps toward fiscal sustainability and stronger budget management and execution. Performance under the SMP has been largely satisfactory to...

This 2011 Article IV Consultation reports that the vulnerability of Belgium’s sovereign debt to market pressures makes credible medium-term fiscal consolidation a priority. The 2012 budget includes sizable consolidation measures, and the government is committed to take additional measures...

Staff Discussion Notes showcase the latest policy-related analysis and research being developed by individual IMF staff and are published to elicit comment and to further debate. These papers are generally brief and written in nontechnical language, and so are aimed at a broad audience...

The tax burden in Austria is comparatively high, and the gap vis-à-vis the EU average has widened. The tax structure exhibits a number of specific features: taxes on labour are high, both from the employee's and the employer's side, following an upward trend and markedly exceeding the...

A key objective of a reform of the Austrian tax system should be the improvement of the tax structure. This includes a shift in the revenue composition away from certain tax bases (exoneration) towards other bases, implying their higher taxation. The latter should serve not only short-term...

Проанализированы основные направления налогового регулирования природоохранной деятельности и выявлены потенциальные направления развития экологических...

The study analyses the questions of the energy taxation within the environmental tax regulation, as a special area of the environmental politics regulation. The author demonstrates the development and the role of the energy tax in the environmental policy. The energy tax is one of the most...

The staff report for the Fifth Review Under the Three-Year Arrangement Under the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility on the Kyrgyz Republic focuses on economic developments and policies. The nominal exchange rate has remained broadly stable. Discussions focused on refining the end-September...

We develop a partial one-sector model with capital, natural resources, and labor as production factors, and endogenous technological change through research. Production exhibits increasing returns to scale. We compare the response of output and resource use to a change in resource prices with...

In den vergangenen Jahren haben sich CO2-Emissionen als maßgebliche Bemessungsgrundlage von Kfz-Steuern in den meisten europäischen Ländern durchgesetzt. Auch Deutschland hat ab Juli 2009 die Pkw-Steuer für Neufahrzeuge an dieser Größe orientiert, um klimapolitische Ziele zu verfolgen. Das...