The past decade has witnessed explosive growth in the segment of information technology (IT) professionals who work in the offshore business process outsourcing (BPO) industry. BPO positions are highly regimented and standardized with coercive and normative controls to deter employees from...

Using a panel of OECD countries, we show that immigration systematically alters the composition of public spending in the destination country. To mitigate the bias from endogenous sorting of immigrants, we use an IV estimation strategy. The instrument is constructed by estimating a bilateral...