A sign of the shift towards closed-loop recycling has emerged in Japan. By referring to eight firms in the "film with lens", electronic photography, and electric and electronic appliances industries, this paper demonstrates how and why these firms have adopted recycling strategies. Our...

As part of the World Bank Group, IFC's overriding objective is to help reduce poverty and support sustainable development in developing countries. IFC pursues this mission by supporting the private sector to create jobs and simulate markets. This report, which assesses the impact of IFC toward...