This paper exploits a unique cross-country, firm-level survey to study the responses of European firms to the sharp demand and credit contraction triggered by the global Great Recession of 2009. The analysis reveals that cost reduction-particularly labour cost reduction through the adjustment of...

We examine gender differences in career progression and promotions in central banking, a stereotypical male-dominated occupation, using confidential anonymized personnel data from the European Central Bank (ECB) during the period 2003-2017. A wage gap emerges between men and women within a few...

This paper provides evidence on the role of non-base wage components as a channel for firms to adjust labour costs in the event of adverse shocks. It uses data from a firm-level survey for 25 European countries that covers the period 2010-2013. We find that firms subject to nominal wage...

This paper studies the recent trends in nominal wage rigidity in a large group of EU countries, using survey data. We analyse two forms of nominal wage rigidity: downward nominal wage rigidity (DNWR) and the lagged response of wages to shocks. The frequency of wage changes, which is an indicator...

This paper studies the incidence and consequences of the mismatch between formal education and the educational requirements of jobs in Estonia during the years 1997-2003. We find large wage penalties associated with the phenomenon of educational mismatch. Moreover, the incidence and wage penalty...

This paper shows that specialized education reduces workers' mobility and hence their ability to cope with economic changes. We illustrate this point using labor force data from two countries having experienced important macroeconomic turbulence; a large economy with rigid labor markets, Poland,...

The productivity-enhancing effects of digitalisation have generated increased interest in the promotion of digital technologies. This report provides different estimations for euro area countries of the impact of digital uptake on productivity at firm level, showing that the adoption of digital...

En el contexto de un ajuste continuado de los mercados de trabajo de la UE en respuesta a la gran recesión y la crisis de la deuda soberana, el Sistema Europeo de Bancos Centrales (SEBC) llevó a cabo la tercera ola de la encuesta de la Wage Dynamics Network (WDN) entre 2014 y 2015, como...

Este trabajo analiza el impacto del empleo y de los salarios públicos sobre el mercado de trabajo. En particular, analizamos si los mecanismos de transmisión desde el sector público al sector privado funcionan de manera diferente según la economía se encuentre en recesión (elevada tasa de...

Este trabajo estudia diferencias de género en la carrera profesional y en las promociones en la banca central, una ocupación predominantemente masculina. Empleamos datos confidenciales anónimos del personal del Banco Central Europeo (BCE) durante el período 2003-2017. Documentamos que surge...