The internationalization strategies of family businesses versus nonfamily businesses remain a neglected area of study. This investigation uses a sample of 759 Japanese subsidiaries worldwide that can be identified as family businesses or nonfamily businesses to reveal two key results. First,...

As widely documented in academic literature, family businesses perform better and enjoy a sounder financial structure than non-family businesses, a trend that applies to Japan as well, which is the context of this paper. Therefore, conventional wisdom suggests that family businesses should...

Purpose: Large multinational companies (MNCs) are strongly formalized, often standardized and complex with multiple hierarchical levels. Over the past few decades, MNCs have strengthened their coordination and control systems by creating regional headquarters (RHQs). This study aims to...