Researchers studying innovation increasingly use indicators based on patent citations. However, it is well known that not all citations originate from applicants - patent examiners contribute to citations listed in issued patents - and that this could complicate interpretation of findings in...

The localization of knowledge flows has been attributed to agglomerations of knowledge-intensive firms in a region, but I argue that knowledge localization is not consistent with the wider social and professional networks of the firms' employees. I predict that small, knowledge-intensive firms...

Analysis of patent citations is a core methodology in the study of knowledge diffusion, and forward citations are used as a measure of impact of innovations. However, citations made by patent examiners have not been separately reported, adding unknown noise to the data. We leverage a recent...

[fre] Cet article se base sur les publications scientifiques d'un échantillon important d'entreprises de biotechnologies. Il étudie la relation entre les capacités de recherche privée et l'intensité des collaborations entre scientifiques privés et universitaires. L'étude présente des...

This study looks at the United States biotechnology industry as a community of practice caught between two evolutionary logics by which valuable scientific knowledge and valuable innovations are selected. We analyze the publications and patents of 116 biotechnology firms during the period...

Despite the many advantages offered by technology clusters, firms located in them face the risk of losing valuable knowledge to nearby competitors. In this study, we argue that multi-location firms strategically organize their R&D activities to appropriate the value of innovations generated in...