that mothers make in newborns: breastfeeding and stimulation. We find heterogeneity across mothers in expected effort costs …

education; less educated mothers appear to reinforce differences in non-cognitive skills between their children, while more … educated mothers compensate for these differences. Most importantly, there is evidence that these compensatory investments lead … to catch-up in non-cognitive skills over time for children of more educated mothers …

suggest that there is significant heterogeneity with respect to maternal education. More educated mothers appear to compensate … educated mothers reinforce these differences. Most importantly, there is evidence that these compensatory investments are … associated with the narrowing of non-cognitive deficits over time for children of more educated mothers, while there is no …