Agricultural firms that use Value at Risk (VaR) tend to be the large diversified corporations. The benefits of VaR in the agricultural industry are not limited to large conglomerates; however, and this study provides empirical examples of how mid to large sized commodity end-users can use VaR to...

The inaccuracy of the Black-Scholes formula arises from two aspects: the formula is for European options while most real option contracts are American; the formula is based on the assumption that underlying asset prices follow a lognormal distribution while in the real world asset prices cannot...

The paper discusses the context of changing sanitary-phyto-sanitary (SPS) standards, concerns, questions and studies related to food standards and safety,strategic options for developing countries to deal with rising standards, results for case studies on compliance costs, benefits and...