processes. Pollution modelling must be of a multi-output nature. The most flexible transformation function in outputs and inputs … used in textbooks is too general to make sense in pollution modelling. Specifying bads as if they are inputs, although …

We study the optimal and equilibrium size of cities in a city system model with environmental pollution. Pollution is …, if pollution is local or per capita pollution increases with population, we find that equilibrium cities are too large …. When pollution is global and per capita pollution declines with city size, however, equilibrium cities may be too small …

endogenous growth model. Individuals take only part of their impact on pollution into account, hence there is a negative … externality of capital accumulation on environmental quality. Increasing wealth or increasing pollution enhance green attitude and … reduce the externality, because individuals care more about the environment if their income is higher or if pollution is more …

become and remain competitive. Although many studies have focused on these negative effects, the links between pollution and … pollution and city growth, and how it correlates with city competitiveness. Although high-income cities are usually better at … managing pollution, the paper finds successful examples of fast-growing, lower-income cities that are able to tackle this issue …