redistribution than appointed bureaucrats. It uses the example of patronage jobs in the U.S. local governments to provide empirical … of politicians, which is consistent with younger bureaucrats having stronger career concerns …The paper argues that for political reasons elected politicians are more likely to be engaged in targeted …

prosecutors, politicians and bureaucrats conducted in 7 states. The paper contributes to bridging the gap between the literatures … cycles in the hiring and firing of bureaucrats and in the activities of public employees, which emerge as a result of the …-corruption policies that constrain hiring and firing around elections. Cycles are most pronounced for temporary bureaucrats but are also …

lobby politicians and others lobby bureaucrats? In contrast to the existing approaches that view lobbying as one … form and enforce a contract with policy-makers, politicians or bureaucrats. We argue that organizational structures of … politicians versus bureaucrats even after controlling for organization resources, issue areas, and sectors. The types of electoral …