Internal combustion (IC) engines are the major source of motive power in the world, a fact that is expected to continue well into this century. To increase the total efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions, recently exhaust heat recovery (EHR) based on thermoelectric (TE) and thermal fluid systems...

Differing from those traditional vehicle exhaust heat recovery systems which just provided thermal energy directly for cabin warming, integrated Exhaust Energy Recovery (EER) which is researched and developed mainly in recent years aims to convert exhaust thermal energy to mechanical or electric...