create doubt about scientific information, we use a signaling model of interest-group lobbying in which the policymaker has … persuasion to imply that the NGO may be a radical extremist whose lobbying is not credible. The second involves the creation of a …

studies how lobbying by both groups shapes the government’s policy. We find that downtown retailers typically have steeper … lobbying contribution schedules than superstores, which induces the government to underprice central roads and parking spaces …, extending the model to allow for lobbying by residents within the downtown retail district we find that residents may lobby for …

largely determined by lobbying, we find strong effects of electoral incentives. …