This paper analyzes developments in the structure of trade in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) during the … transition decade, and finds that it changed less than in other transition economies. Trade openness of the CIS increased between … include slower progress in transition, geographic aspects, restrictions on trade, governance and corruption problems, weak …

Migration was the major relationship between Mexico and the US and Turkey and Western Europe for most of the past half … century. Changes in both migrant-sending and –receiving countries aimed to substitute trade for migration. Mexico and Turkey …

In 1785 the first Philadelphia trade directory was published; a reflection of the pride and confidence of the city …) merchants. By comparing the Philadelphia trading community with its British counterpart, Liverpool, it is argued that in 1785 …