In this paper we analyze how ratification uncertainty impacts the optimal terms of international environmental … agreements (IEAs). We relax the frequent assumption of countries as unitary actors by modeling the ratification stage through … on two-level games of ratification. We find that ratification uncertainty reduces both the strength of the commitment as …

negotiations and later to the ratification of the San Francisco Peace Treaty and the United States-Japan Security Pact. The points …, shipping and the potteries. The British views of the treaty were much more critical of Japan than the USA. Foreign Secretary …