Traditionally, in the Federal Reserve's Open Market statements, the planned Federal Funds rate is set to be contained within well defined bands and not a given single value, so that the funds rate is able to vary freely within that range without interference.This paper provides an explanation of...

This paper, written for a Federal Reserve Staff Review of Monetary Control Procedures, explores the short-run volatility consequences of money stock targeting procedures under current (1981) alternative operating procedures. Conclusions include: the odds are at least two to one that a portion of...

To study implications of an interest-bearing CBDC on the economy, we integrate a New Monetarist-type decentralised market that explicitly accounts for the means-of-exchange function of bank deposits and CBDC into a New Keynesian model with financial frictions. The central bank influences the...

We estimate the demand for transaction and non-transaction cash balances in Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden and Norway over the last decades using the seasonal method. These countries share many features that are relevant for cash demand, but nevertheless show large differences in terms of...

The rise of inflation in 2021 and 2022 surprised many macroeconomists who ignored the earlier surge in money growth because past instability in the demand for simple-sum monetary aggregates had made these aggregates unreliable indicators. We find that the demand for more theoretically-based...

To study implications of an interest-bearing CBDC on the economy, we integrate a New Monetarist-type decentralised market that explicitly accounts for the means-of-exchange function of bank deposits and CBDC into a New Keynesian model with financial frictions. The central bank influences the...

Portuguese Abstract: As plataformas digitais revolucionaram o nosso cotidiano e, hoje, uma parte relevante da nossa vida é pautada pela interação em plataformas. No entanto, a verdade é que elas já não eram novidade mesmo antes da revolução digital. O mercado de dois lados, ou M2L, é...

Portuguese Abstract: Nos últimos anos, o mundo tem acompanhado a evolução dos pagamentos no mundo digital. De acordo com o Banco Mundial, dois terços dos adultos no mundo vão fazer ou receber pagamentos digitais em 2022, com crescimento mais expressivo em países em desenvolvimento, em que...

The excess liquidity in the euro area is a product of a long period of quantitative easing. It changed the operational framework of the European Central Bank (ECB)’s monetary policy from the scarce reserves system (SRS) to the abundant reserves system (ARS). To eliminate excess liquidity and...

The present paper provides an overview on current developments of cash usage and issue of central bank digital currency (CBDC) in the euro area and proposes a possible design of a digital euro that allows for instant offline payments. Cash usage at the point-of-sale decreased perceptibly in the...