firms productivity levels within the industry. Less pronounced differences in productivity levels make it easier to design … collective wage contracts that are accepted by a wider range of firms within an industry. Higher dispersion in productivity … levels gives rise to the use of firm-level wage agreements reached by unions, while coverage by industry-wide contracts is …

unionized employees in North America are women. While early studies of unions and inequality focused on males, recent studies … examine both and reveal striking gender differences. A consistent - and puzzling - finding is that unions reduce wage …, unions reduce economy-wide wage inequality by less than 10% in both countries. However, union impacts on wage inequality are …

The impact of unions on firm performance has been the subject of debate and controversy in most industrialized … performance, the existing results lead us to consider unions not solely in terms of their costs for the company. Empirical results …, institutional contexts and over time. Estimates of the causal mechanisms through which unions affect productivity allow a better …

strength of unions. It is against this background that our study seeks to examine the effect of unions' bargaining (proxied by … (GLFS 2015) respectively. The findings indicate that unions' bargaining effect on wages is positive. Furthermore, the study …