provision of infrastructure varies across development stages; there is a focus on basic infrastructure, such as transport, water …We examine the evolution of infrastructure, and the impact of infrastructure investment, in middleincome countries … (MICs). We document how different types of infrastructure stocks, as well as infrastructure investment, vary with the level …

We present a novel two-stage gravity specification with period-varying bilateral trade cost terms. We test our …. Analyzing period-varying bilateral trade cost derived from our specification offers additional insights: first, globalization … has erased more than a third of the effect of distance on trade cost, mostly until the mid-nineties. Second, identifying …

This study evaluates infrastructure investment and finance in Asia from a global perspective. It provides an overview … on infrastructure needs and the various sources of private finance, globally and within Asia, and creates a "bigger … picture" for the demand and supply of capital for infrastructure by using a simple framework, i.e., percentages of gross …

Social infrastructure has endured a long period of neglect in most developed and emerging countries, with chronic … underinvestment exposed by the coronavirus crisis 2020. The financial crisis 2007/08 led to a slow revival of economic infrastructure … policies, and a growing involvement of institutional investors. In contrast, private sector investment in social infrastructure …

provision of fundamental demands and needs such as transport, utilities, communication, and energy, with ‘green infrastructure … from Global Infrastructure Outlook, World Bank, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD … technological innovations and environmental-related expenditures. Equally, infrastructure investment plays an important role in the …

manufacturing. Finally, we find evidence consistent with the hypothesis that national infrastructure (i.e., transport … capita rises, ii) international trade becomes more relevant for the nation, and iii) national production shifts to …-related infrastructure and rail lines) can alleviate the lagging behind of landlocked regions. …