China is committed to peaking carbon by 2030 and thereafter becoming carbon neutral. The key to promoting green and low-carbon economic transformation is energy transition by producers through green technology innovation, which must be supported by the necessary green financial policies and...

This paper employs the Malmquist–Luenberger (ML) productivity index to evaluate China's growth in total factor productivity (TFP), incorporating undesirable outputs, during the period from 1989 to 2008. The ML productivity index and its components (technical and efficiency changes) are derived...