This paper examines how professional athletes can optimize commercial revenues from endorsement and sponsorship agreements throughout their careers. The paper uses athlete brand management, defined as the balancing of brand building and brand selling activities, to understand the dynamics of...

We use National Football League (NFL) data to analyze the impact of minimum salaries on an employee's career length. The NFL has a salary structure in which the minimum salary a player can receive increases with the player's years of experience. Salary schedules similar to the NFL's exist in...

A novel test for racial discrimination in English professional football is presented, based on an assessment of the effect of race on footballers' labour market transition probabilities. Career progression is observed over five-year intervals within the period 1986-2001. Transition probabilities...