vary over time depending on estimated measurement errors. We propose an alternative specification that allows the … on the estimated measurement error. The model is estimated using the Kalman filter. Our analysis considers realized …

The issue of measurement invariance commonly arises in factor-analytic contexts, with methods for assessment including … groups, group membership, and offending model parameters. In this paper, we construct tests of measurement invariance based … measurement invariance violations, and (2) identifying subgroups of individuals that violated measurement invariance based on a …