This paper develops an economic production quantity model in a three-echelon supply chain composing of a supplier, a manufacturer and a wholesaler under two scenarios. As the first scenario, we consider a return contract between the outside supplier and the supplier and also between the...

This paper develops a Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) model for a two-level supply chain comprised of one vendor and several non-competing retailers in which both the raw material and the finished product have different deterioration rates. It is assumed that the market demand for the finished...

Purpose: This paper aims to deal with optimal pricing and production tactics for a bi-echelon green supply chain, including a producer and a vendor in presence of three various scenarios. Demand depends on a price, refund and quality where the producer controls quality and the vendor proposes a...