student achievement. Post-World War II trends in study effort and course rigor, for example, are positively correlated with …. This chapter reviews an emerging economic literature on the effects of and determinants of student effort and … cooperativeness and how putting student motivation and behavior at center of one's theoretical framework changes one's view of how …

Large waves of refugees have arrived in Europe on a regular basis in recent decades. We know little about the impact of … labour market policies intended to improve the labour market integration of refugees and their reunited family members. Using … refugees and their reunited families. We find no lock-in effects while the program is in process. On the contrary, program …

refugees in Germany. The treatment group received job-matching support: an NGO identified suitable vacancies and sent the … refugees' CVs to employers. Results of follow-up phone surveys show a positive and significant treatment effect of 13 … percentage points on employment after twelve months. These effects are concentrated among low-educated refugees and those facing …

teachers in remote locations, on student performance. A geographic discontinuity in the policy's implementation provides … identifying variation. We find no effects of the hardship allowance on average student performance. These null average effects …

consistent patterns suggesting that an increase in the number of school jobs lead to a decrease in student test scores. The …