Theories of norm-dependent utility assume commonly known injunctive norms that rank feasible outcomes by their normative valence, but as yet normative valences have only been measured experimentally. We provide a theoretical foundation that assigns a normative valence to each outcome based on...

Why do Americans traditionally lack ideological constraint? Are they ignorant of “what goes with what,” or might they simply be pragmatic? Combining widely used survey questions with an incentivized coordination game, we separately measure individuals' policy positions and normative...