Purpose -The purpose of this article is based on the unit patent license fee model in the closed-loop supply chain. Design/methodology/approach - This paper analyzes the impact of the bundling strategy of the retailer selling new products and remanufactured products on the closed-loop supply...

This study uses a two-level programming model to present a Stackelberg game. The two-level programming problems consist of two levels of decision-making, each level having its objective function. This model's first player (leader) includes the supplier and manufacturer, while the second player...