Albert and Whetten defined organizational identity (OI) as the central, distinctive and enduring characteristics of an organization. Scholars found OI to be a difficult construct to apply to organizations and, over time, they defined it from functionalist, social constructionist, postmodernist...

According to the international trade theory, open market oriented industries, sectors or economies are more effective in allocating production factors among economics actors than the relatively closed ones. However; it is wondered whether being open market oriented is good for societies as a...