between mothers’ and fathers’ probabilities of employment in the highest status jobs is shrinking over time in Germany … in the lowest status, lowest paying positions. One potential reason for this inequity is the “motherhood penalty,” where … women with children face more roadblocks in hiring and promotions. This research investigates occupational segregation among …

Children cause large earnings drops for mothers but not fathers, a stylized fact known as the "child penalty" that …

We compare employment rates of mothers and childless women over the life course across the birth cohorts from 1940 to …), conducted between 1986 and 2016. The results show that although employment rates of mothers have increased across cohorts, the … spread of part-time work has led to a declining work volume of mothers with young children. Return to the workplace is …

reunification, however, the employment rates of mothers with children requiring childcare have converged. This trend is accompanied … in attitudes and thus also in the full-time employment of mothers with young children. … by a growing approval of maternal employment, especially in western Germany. However, differences in actual working hours …

. The main contribution of this paper is the analysis of the effect of parenthood on women's and men's earnings using … the first child to be -10500€ for women and +6800€ for men. When comparing the percentage loss of potential earnings, I find …

Numerous studies have investigated whether the provision and generosity of parental leave affects the employment and … economic policy questions include whether, at the macro level, female employment rates have increased due to parental leave … policies; and, at the micro level, whether the probability of returning to work and career prospects have increased for mothers …

Numerous studies have investigated whether the provision and generosity of parental leave affects the employment and … economic policy questions include whether, at the macro level, female employment rates have increased due to parental leave … policies; and, at the micro level, whether the probability of returning to work and career prospects have increased for mothers …

that required expectant mothers to initiate prenatal care during the first ten weeks of gestation to obtain a one …