While up to the 1990s, R&D was still 'an important case of non-globalization' (Patel and Pavitt 1991), the internationalization of business R&D activities has accelerated significantly during the past two decades. R&D activities of foreign affiliates have become one of the most dynamic elements...

The share of knowledge-intensive services and products in total output and demand and in the production of advanced, but also less advanced or emerging economies, has steadily increased over time and especially so for the knowledge-intensive services. This 'quaternization' of the economies not...

The ongoing internationalization of production has altered the economic landscape. Many products used to be produced locally using inputs drawn largely from the domestic economy, which implied that most of the value chains or production processes used to be located in the country where a firm...

This report investigates wholesale as one of the main service industries in the European economy. Wholesale is the resale of new and used goods to retailers, industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or to other wholesalers on their own account or for third parties. It plays a...

Neue technologische Entwicklungen wie die Eisenbahn oder das Telefon haben dem Welthandel in der Vergangenheit immer wieder entscheidende Impulse gegeben. Heute erlebt die Weltwirtschaft mit der Digitalisierung wieder einen solchen Umbruch. Industrie 4.0, künstliche Intelligenz, Blockchains...

This paper analyzes co-operative behavior of innovative firms in Finland and Austria. We use data from the third wave of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3). Descriptive statistics indicate that the rate of innovators is quite similar in Austria and Finland, while the number of cooperating...

The rise of the service economy has been the predominant pattern of structural change in the twentieth century. This article investigates the driving forces behind the recent stages of this development. Focusing on international input - output data from the early 1970s to the 1990s, a...

Die Maßnahmen zur Verlangsamung der Verbreitung des Covid-19-Erregers haben die Weltwirtschaft in weiten Teilen zum Erliegen gebracht. Dies wird in Deutschland sowie in vielen anderen Ländern zu einer tiefen Rezession im Jahr 2020 führen. Der konjunkturelle Einbruch wird auch die Bereitschaft...

Multinationale Unternehmen betreiben Forschung, Entwicklung (F&E) und Innovationsaktivitäten zunehmend außerhalb ihrer Herkunftsländer, eine Entwicklung, die als Internationalisierung von F&E bezeichnet wird. Auslandskontrollierte Unternehmen gaben im Jahr 2017 4,1 Mrd. EUR für F&E in...