influences bilateral trade. Political stability is an essential component of the quality of the institutions that determine trade …When asked why the level of intra-regional trade in West Africa is low despite regional integration efforts, the … inconsistency or mismanagement of trade policies, supply constraints, and inadequate transport infrastructure. Without calling into …

This paper analyses the effect of international borders and of trade agreements at international borders on subnational … 1950 and 2017. Our results show that international borders decrease regional income per capita, while trade agreements at … international borders increase regional income per capita by about the same magnitude. The positive marginal effect of trade …

This article describes the development of international trade blocs world wide from the 1950s till 2010. We updated the … data on international trade flows and introduced a new trade bloc variable based on the intramax hierarchical clustering … technique, which defines trade blocs on actual trade intensities and not - as was preciously done - by traditional geographic …

phase-ins of agreements, lagged terms-of-trade effects, reverse causality, various estimation techniques, disaggregation … trade that historically have been addressed largely separately: the (partial) effects on trade of economic integration … of economic integration agreements (EIAs) on members’ trade may be biased upward owing to inadequate control for …