expanding into every corner of the economy, politics and our lives. They control the majority of digital advertising; Alphabet …, Google's parent, and Facebook receive more than 60 percent of digital advertising revenue (Media Buying 2017); Google …

, prices are zero - "free." On the other side of the market, Facebook's and Google's revenues are derived from advertising … advertised, - Increasing prices to consumers beyond the cost of advertising via the market power of the remaining firms in the …

The hyper-targeted advertising that emerged on digital platforms over the past two decades is now more productively … understood as tuned advertising, a dynamic and unfolding process where ads are continuously algorithmically "optimised" to users … observing" algorithmically-tuned digital advertising. We draw on our research across the Australian Ad Observatory and a multi …