We show that choices in competitive behavior may entail a gender wage gap. In our experi ments, employees first choose … pie size the employee has generated, the remuneration scheme chosen, and the employee's gender. Employers then decide how … the pie will be split, as in a dictator game. Whereas employers do not discriminate by gender when tournaments are chosen …

firms depending on their export status and the gender of their owners. We find that female-owned exporters have roughly half … costs. Together, these point to significant discrimination barriers female firms face when exporting. …