This study examines how deregulation affects product market competition and thereby productivity. Productivity grows … when firms ameliorate their performance, which they will be unwilling to do in the absence of competition. It obliges firms … only temporarily. Long-term gains are derived from dynamic efficiency, which competition promotes in two ways. First, it …

Competition in the Finnish Private Service Sector in International Comparison This study analyses whether the high … consumer price level in Finland in relation to other EU countries can be explained by the lack of competition in the Finnish … service sectors or by the lack of competitiveness or by other factors. Measuring competition by the price cost margin and by …

market competition is weaker, depending on model specification. Soft budget constraints are usually found to reduce … subsidy reduction are substitutes; privatization and competition (measured as the geographic scope of markets) are complements …; and that competition and subsidy reduction are independent. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003 …

, while a long-term focus yields more loyal customers, it greatly increases short-term price competition to gain and keep …