This paper examines the impact of European Union policy on genetically modified organisms on trade flows and economic growth. Restrictive European Union policies on biotech production and consumption result in: an effective export subsidy of capital to the South; new trade flows; North America...

The nature of public agricultural research changed in 1980 when the Bayh-Dole Act allowed universities to retain title to inventions that were created with Federal funds, and the court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty allowed patenting of living tissue and eventually other bio-engineered products. In...

Biotechnology is redefining the nature of agricultural research and intellectual property. In response, public agricultural research institutions are increasingly protecting their intellectual property and commercializing research results. This raises the question: Is agricultural research still...

Several characteristics of biotech industry structure follow cyclical patterns. Mergers and acquisitions activity shows cyclical behavior, with peaks from 1988-92 and 1996-97 and a valley from 1993-95. The ratio of large-firm to small-firm field trials, and the Herfindahl-Hirshmann concentration...

Over the past fifteen years, the agricultural biotechnology industry has exhibited cyclical behavior in concentration and consolidation. This paper provides a theoretical model of endogenous R&D, in which industry concentration exhibits cyclical behavior. The model also generates additional...