students in grades 4-10 students. The three rounds enable us to examine trends in these skills from the turn of the millennium … to 2019. We find that a significant proportion of higher-grade students have not yet mastered these foundational skills …. We also find that the difference in foundational skills between grade 10 and grade 4 students is small. Based on a …

We examine whether and how teachers' major fields of study affect students' achievement, exploiting within …-school students' data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study and controlling student-teacher fixed effects, we … find that teachers with college majors in natural sciences improve students' achievement of subfields in natural sciences …

, demographically-similar teachers can increase students' achievement. These studies have tended to focus on the role of race and gender …-similar teacher. The effect is examined separately for students who are native Spanish-speakers and students who are native English … achievement of native Spanish-speaking students, particularly in Science and English. However, once differences in teacher …

today's students. The educational expansion was a demand shock in the labor market of teachers, which could have thus …-affected teacher with an educational expansion teacher leads to a 2 percent reduction in students' test scores. Explorative analyses …

ideal for investigating this question. There, students are placed in exam schools based on a high-stakes national … large achievement gains and improved university placements for high achieving students. …

as one who consistently gets higher achievement for students. In addition to the prior achievement, we exploit the fact … that students took exams in multiple subjects during their senior secondary exam to control for pupil fixed effects. We … teacher quality adds 0.38 standard deviation points in students score. Furthermore, consistent with studies in the US, we find …