If school closures and social-distancing experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic impeded children’s skill development …, they may leave a lasting legacy in human capital. To understand the pandemic’s effects on school children, this paper … on the conceptual framework of an education production function, we cover evidence on child, parent, and school inputs …

English as medium of instruction at the early school years in Hazara division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The population of … school years. Teachers did not seem to be able to provide useful English as medium of instruction environment to the students … implications, as the medium of instruction conundrum does not seem to go away in the Pakistani school education context in general …

better measures of schools' contributions to student achievement. We show that while cross-sectional measures of school value … is a high year-to-year attrition in the student population, longitudinal measures of school value added are very robust … tends to be higher in highly "selective" (i.e. high drop-out) school environments …

better measures of schools' contributions to student achievement. We show that while cross-sectional measures of school value … is a high year-to-year attrition in the student population, longitudinal measures of school value added are very robust … tends to be higher in highly "selective" (i.e. high drop-out) school environments. …