-in-differences models that leverage within-individual and across-cohort variation in shooting exposure within matched school groups to … grade in the two years following the event. We also find adverse long-term impacts on the likelihood of high school … student and school characteristics indicate that the detrimental impacts of shootings are universal, with most sub …

years of schooling, we investigate the causal effect of schooling on health behavior such as smoking and related outcomes … of education on health behaviors. Using the number of academic track schools in a state as an instrumental variable for … such as obesity. We find large negative effects of education on smoking. These effects can mostly be attributed to …

changes later in childhood. Since smoking is one source of producing carbon monoxide and thus affects child health negatively …This paper examines the impact of outdoor and indoor pollution on children's health from birth until the age of three … years in Germany. We use representative data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), combined with five air pollution …

In Germany and many other countries, students are tracked into various secondary school types. This paper studies …. The reform replaced parents choice about their children s secondary school type by a binding teacher recommendation. Our …