The purpose of this study is to test the free cash flow agency theory hypothesis; namely, (a) whether differences in industrial sector affect a company's propensity to pay dividends, and (b) whether institutional ownership is able to substitute for the propensity to pay dividends as a bonding...

The purpose of this study is to test the free cash flow agency theory hypothesis; namely, (a) whether differences in industrial sector affect a company's propensity to pay dividends, and (b) whether institutional ownership is able to substitute for the propensity to pay dividends as a bonding...

This study examines the effect of the pay gap on banks and compares the effectiveness of the tournament theory in Islamic banks (IB) and conventional banks (CB). This study expands the pay gap indicators used in previous studies by using three indicators: board of directors' pay gap,...

The fashion business has a dynamic that adapts to the trends that are lighthearted and favored. A store can survive by providing clothes that fit the trend and adapt to the wishes of consumers. Word of mouth has not been investigated much in providing information to consumers that a store is...

The research aims to examine the difference between absence and presence life cycle stage in technology information digitalization (TID) as a form of open innovation in reducing information asymmetry. Furthermore, companies with asymmetric information prefer debt over equity. The study collects...